Looking at per household trends among big cities in investment in multifamily, commercial, and industrial properties, Baltimore is in the middle of the pack. It is ahead of some larger cities, like Los Angeles and San Antonio, but stands at just 36 percent of DC’s per capita investment levels.

Investment across Baltimore is uneven—fragmented by race, income, and geography.

It is a pattern Morgan State University associate professor Lawrence Brown refers to as “the black butterfly,” an apt description of the shape of segregated black communities fanning across the city’s eastern and western halves.

Capital flows are one indication of a community’s health and vitality. They also determine whether residents will have access to the amenities, services, and resources they need.

This analysis maps and examines several investment types: private, public, and mission (i.e., capital from investors seeking both a social and financial return). We show important differences in economic activity—and access to opportunity—between neighborhoods.

The investment flows we studied include mortgages for homes, apartment buildings, commercial real estate, and other property types. We also have information about property purchases and investments in construction and rehabilitation, and we include information about city, state, and federal programs.

The present pattern of racial segregation began more than a century ago.

In the early 20th century, the city developed and vigorously enforced discriminatory practices. In 1911, the city council passed the first housing segregation ordinance in the country directed at black people. When a similar Kentucky ordinance was struck down by the Supreme Court in 1917, then Baltimore mayor James H. Preston ordered housing inspectors to instead cite anyone who rented or sold property to black people in predominantly white areas for code violations. Preston’s successor further institutionalized these pressure tactics by forming a Committee on Segregation, a public-private partnership of government departments, community organizations, and real estate industry representatives. The committee intimidated real estate agents and homeowners who were willing to transact across racial lines and promoted the use of restrictive covenants, clauses in deeds that banned the transfer of housing to black people.

The federal government also played an important role. In the 1930s, the Federal Housing Administration prevented black people from moving into white neighborhoods.

Racial divisions this stark are not inevitable. They are still felt today in part because of the enormous effort that went into circumscribing opportunity by race and geography.

At 23.1 percent, Baltimore’s poverty rate is roughly double the national average of 12.7 percent over our study period. Poverty is widespread, with the exception of some of the northern, largely white neighborhoods (hover or click to highlight) east and west of Charles Street.

Across the city’s northern border, in Baltimore County, the poverty rate drops to 9 percent, which is closer to the state average (9.7 percent).

Investment in Baltimore is highly concentrated. Neighborhoods that are less than 50 percent African American receive nearly four times the investment of neighborhoods that are over 85 percent African American. Low-poverty neighborhoods receive one and a half times the investment of high-poverty neighborhoods.

This map shows investments in building construction, rehab, and demolition as measured by estimated project costs recorded in building permit applications. A high concentration of activities requiring permits can reflect several things. It can be part of facility upgrades in industrial areas like the Canton Industrial Area, Holabird Industrial Park, and Dundalk Marine Terminal. It can be a prerequisite to building on and around some of Baltimore’s college campuses, including Loyola University Maryland and Johns Hopkins University. In predominantly residential areas, it can also be a sign of housing renovation and upgrades and new housing development. Going forward, Opportunity Zones, in Baltimore may attract higher capital flows.

Information about property transactions offers another lens through which to examine differences between communities.

Permits, which we saw above, lead to renovation or development that can increase property values, which is visible when a property resells. This map shows residential, commercial, and industrial real estate sales. Per-home sale prices in predominantly white neighborhoods are higher.

How are the resources needed to purchase property distributed? Who has access to capital?

Home value represents a significant share of many people’s personal assets, and refinancing a mortgage is one way to tap into home equity. Similarly, developers need capital to build or rehab apartments. This map captures mortgage loans to single- and multifamily dwellings.

For every owner-occupied housing unit, the average volume of loans in high-poverty census tracts was $59,822 versus $111,577 in low-poverty census tracts. The racial disparity is even greater. The average volume of loans per owner-occupied housing unit in tracts where the population is more than 85 percent African American is $68,133 but is $160,438 in tracts where less than 50 percent of residents are African American.

There are higher concentrations of commercial real estate lending in the central business district and in industrial areas on the waterfront but also in retail centers elsewhere in the city, like Reisterstown Station.

Census tracts where more than 85 percent of residents are African American saw $8,085 in commercial loans per household. Lending levels were more than five times larger ($41,053) in tracts where African American people made up less than 50 percent of residents.

In census tracts where African American people make up more than 85 percent of the population, there was $2,336 of small business lending per household, compared with $11,442 per household in tracts where less than 50 percent of residents are African American.

But high-poverty tracts receive more small business loans per household ($7,145) than low-poverty tracts ($5,498).

Public capital provides opportunities to counteract segregation of resources. Some public programs focus investment in areas that have seen too little of it. The spatial distribution of public-sector capital flows looks different from the private-sector capital flows above.

Bucking the larger investment pattern, public-sector investments are not clustered in predominantly white neighborhoods.

The most intensive concentrations of several programs are in high-poverty census tracts. This does vary by program, however. For example, the HOME Investment Partnerships Program and Community Development Block Grant Program investments are highest among neighborhoods that are more than 85 percent African American.

However, Baltimore’s Capital Improvement Program financing is highest among neighborhoods that are 50 to 85 percent African American.

As with public-sector investments, mission lending is more evenly distributed and more prevalent in high-poverty areas and areas with high concentrations of African American people than private investment.

Despite the benefits they deliver, mission and public funding represent just a fraction of overall investment in the city. Following the lead of Detroit, a redoubled public and philanthropic commitment will be needed to grow the footprint of community development financial institutions and efforts like the Neighborhood Impact Investment Fund. Substantial change will also require mainstream investment to reach more Baltimore communities.